uk railway radio frequencies

uk railway radio frequencies

", "Beyond GSM-R: the future of railway radio", "CEPT.ORG CEPT News Storage Suspension of the Russian Federation and Belarus from CEPT Membership", "Representation to Draft Radio Frequency Spectrum Allocation", "Australian Rail Industry Submission to the Minister for Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy 1800 MHz Spectrum Licenses", "Radiocommunications (Spectrum Access Charges 1800 MHz Band) Determination 2012 (No. Indeed, I belive it is common in the states for people to listen into the railroad frequences, and they can be listened to. Simultaneously, the driver must operate a button on an apparatus in the cab to receive the token. AM operation is permitted provided the maximum bandwidth does not exceed 6kHz. The current UK allocation only covers parts of the 5351.5 5366.5kHz band. I wasn't actually sure it was them, they just happened to be nearby. You will be able to add channels as you listen and find them, but programming is not a big part of rail scanning. WebThe USB frequencies 5354kHz and 5363kHz shown in the table above are within the all modes segment of the WRC-15 band. The specification is being maintained by the International Union of Railways project ERTMS. You should also label each packet with the variety name, date, and a brief description (e.g. The GSM-R specifications are fairly stable; the latest mandatory upgrade was in 2006. It delivers features such as group calls (VGCS), voice broadcast (VBS), location-based connections, and call pre-emption in case of an emergency. The AAR assigned channel numbers to all 96 frequencies in the 160-161 MHz band. WebThe United Kingdom Frequency Allocation Table (UKFAT) details the uses (referred to as 'allocations') to which various frequency bands are put to the UK. This project named MORANE (MObile radio for RAilway Networks in Europe) was set up, supported by a Steering Group of railways in France, Italy and Germany and set up in Paris. WebThis online version of the UK Frequency Allocation Table (UKFAT) is an easy way to browse and search how spectrum bands are allocated in the United Kingdom. Frequencies Grouped All New/Updated Show Repeater Inputs Fire National Fireground Radio Channel Plan The current UK national fireground radio channel plan was agreed with the Home Office in 1993 based on the use of analogue radios and frequency bands of 25 kHz Rev: 2.0.6844 222,908. Indication of the state of the TPWS is provided by a blue light mounted below the stop board. RETB is being gradually replaced with the new European in-cab signalling system, ERTMS. 141 146.490 Primary Channel 142 146.565 Secondar (backup) Channel 143 466.050 Bank 8 - Amtrak (Los Angeles) 144 160.455 Terminal switching 145 161.055 Police 146 161.475 Police 147 452.900 Car Dept. The FG takes towards specification evolution to ensure consistent railway operation. WebThe AAR assigned channel numbers to all 96 frequencies in the 160-161 MHz band. Estler's Mortgage Lifter is ideal for growing in northern climates due to its ability to withstand cooler temperatures better than other varieties. GSM-R is a TDMA ("Time-Division Multiple Access") system. As a Regulation and no longer a Decision, they will become in force at their publication in the European Official Journal. Handheld railroad scanners typically last 4-6 hours per charge, but its best to have an extra set of batteries if youre riding on an Amtrak train, or you do not have access to a power outlet. Ensure that the transmitted spectrum is completely within theallocatedfrequencies. VHF/UHF UK General Frequencies Popular usage by various interesting users throughout The UK VHF 164.0500 164.0625 169.0125 169.0625 169.0875 169.3125 173.0500 173.0625 173.0875 Nov 21, 2007 #2 UHF 449.3125 449.4000 449.4750 461.2875 461.3750 461.4500 462.1000 JohnUK 323 Advanced Member Apr 09, 2009 #3 UHF UKG As of 2008, in Italy more than 9,000 kilometres (5,600mi) of railway lines are served by the GSM-R infrastructure: this number includes both ordinary and high speed lines, as well as more than 1,000km (620mi) of tunnels. fQc'$BJ0%62\*}O%tL)I4CIe1@uU+64P2`Km+>.T]J[pmp]i-. 1ut40(YPad0i@E%p2&F There are a few exceptions and oddities around the US and for a detailed breakdown visit RadioReference. As of spring 2016[update], the only areas of UK Network Rail still currently employing VHF train radio communications are on sections of the Highland and Far North lines in Scotland, where the Radio Electronic Token Block system is utilised, using modified Ofcom frequencies around 180MHz, having been de-scoped from the National GSM-R plan, due to practical difficulties involved in deploying the GSM-R system in this region. The maximum permitted output power is 100 Watts from thetransmitterand 200 Watts eirp from the antenna. The whole line can be operated by just one or two signallers and needs very little infrastructure other than the track itself, making it a very cost-effective method. 222,908. WebState rail operators acquired six mostly non-grouped parcels which cover 2 15 MHz of spectrum to deploy GSM-R. State rail operators re-licensed 2 x 10 MHz of 1800 MHz spectrum in Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney for Rail Safety and Control Communications. Yard channel is monitored at P&L Princeton Yard. Lines are being shifted to a road channel / dispatcher channel configuration similar to CSX and other railroads. See more resources, including a PDF version of the table Search spectrum Choose a predefined range or specific frequencies to Loading 282,914. All handheld scanners come with a USB cord, but no AC or DC adapter as they manufacture one model worldwide. There are 4 main things to consider when buying a railroad scanner: Over 99% of all railroad communication can be picked up with an analog scanner. How to Listen to Railroad Communication. 0 We can still program if you did not purchase from us or already have your scanner. 5-7 oz Orange, mid season). It was possible to prove, during the lifetime of this project, that all the mandatory functions could be successfully implemented and tested. This request was supported by a pre-study on the usability of either GSM or TETRA systems for the future railway mobile communications. This was a very important consideration as one of the main objectives was, to use a system already proven with off-the-shelf products available, with the minimum of modifications. ). There are several names for railroad scanners that all mean the same thing: Listen to train staff communicate with one another. You can read more about this on the Digital Railway website. The best way to listen to all railroad communication in your area is with an analog scanner. WebRadio Electronic Token Block is a system of railway signalling used in the United Kingdom. In parallel to this railway oriented working groups the GSM-R suppliers have formed a separated group, called IG ( (GSM-R) Industry Group) which works on two aspects : To protect the specific railway features and to improve the development of the GSM standard, UIC is deeply involved in the standardization work with ETSI Technical Committee on Rail Telecommunications. for some flexibility in the allowed procurement approaches and implementation Beacons operate around 5290kHz. It can be interesting to monitor unruly train passengers and rail yard trespassers, but that kind of action is hard to come by. By clicking below to subscribe, you acknowledge that your information will be transferred to Mailchimp for processing. VHF/UHF UK General Frequencies Popular usage by various interesting users throughout The UK VHF 164.0500 164.0625 169.0125 169.0625 169.0875 169.3125 173.0500 173.0625 173.0875 Nov 21, 2007 #2 UHF 449.3125 449.4000 449.4750 461.2875 461.3750 461.4500 462.1000 JohnUK 323 Advanced Member Apr 09, 2009 #3 UHF UKG Louisville District - Louisville, KY to Central City, KY Every scanner we sell can pick up analog signals. This line was controlled by traditional electric token instruments at each station, but in January 1978 the signal telegraph pole route was brought down by bad weather over more than forty miles of track. See Railroad Scanner Frequencies below for how to find rail scanner frequencies. Channel 24 (25KHz. 1. 6. It also shows the internationally agreed spectrum allocations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). All handheld railroad scanners use AA batteries. wide) and the frequency remained the same. This MoU was signed at that time by 32 railways all over Europe. Frequency License Type Tone Alpha Tag Description Mode Tag; 163.680: RM: CC 1 TG 130 SL 1: All Call TW: Traffic Warden All Call: DMRE: Public Works: 163.680: RM: CC 5 TG 127 SL 1: Barnet TW: Barnet Traffic Wardens: DMRE: Public Works: 163.680: RM: CC 2 TG 112 SL 2: Barking TW: Barking Traffic Wardens: DMRE: Public Works: As most rail-fans will have these 97 channels programmed permanently, the remaining channel space available in your scanner will be reserved for local and regional rail channels. 222,908. Encrypted Talkgroups. endstream endobj startxref FVR also utilizes FRS radios for switching coordination. However, a railroad scanner is special because it can pick up unique radio signals that an average AM/FM cannot. It also doe, Gardening Tips for Growing Tomatoes | Everything You Need to Know, Gardening is an incredibly rewarding activity, and tomatoes are one of the most popular crops to grow. %PDF-1.6 % AAR 107-196 Channels listed are an addition to the AAR band plan when narrowbanding took effect. USB frequencies are suppressed carrier frequency. The used modulation is GMSK modulation (Gaussian Minimum-Shift Keying). The proposed weak signal segment for <20Hz narrow band modes from 5366.0 5366.5kHz also falls within the UK 5MHz frequency schedule. About 30-35 miles. This group is mainly a dissemination platform. 2vnHp.k2Rc?|65lRN^tDhs^|WHnQ"pPz3bb9~X}";9=[B-AM(6 8"TS$566$=`iZ 5sL09u@fAh$ Since gaining permission in 2002 to experiment on 5MHz, the Society has provided a basic propagation experiment in which UK amateurs could participate. The EIRENE System Requirements and Functional Requirements Specifications allow The EIRENE version numbering structure is as follows: Following this, EIRENE 8.0.0 & 16.0.0 are aligned with ERA B1 r0. There were two key drivers for the introduction of GSM-R: the requirement to comply with the European common standard for digital data and voice communications in railway applications, and to follow recommendations from major incident enquiries. It is a development of the physical token system for controlling traffic on single lines. They are referenced in the Annex A of the CCS TSI as mandatory documents according to the ERA ERTMS/GSM-R CCM process, and considered as such as the GSM-R European baseline, approved by the RISC Committee on February 2016. In the same way as with the traditional system, when a physical token with the name of the section engraved on it would be carried in the cab, the electronic token is received and displayed by name on the train equipment. This is where headphones and a two-way splitter come into play. This is popular with passenger train listeners. New GSM-R features for mobile communication are based on GSM, and are specified by EIRENE project. A band plan for the 5351.5 5366.5 WRC-15 allocation was agreed at the IARU Region 1 Meeting in September 2017. These had limited functionality and had become increasingly expensive to maintain. 7 May 2012. Radio Electronic Token Block is a system of railway signalling used in the United Kingdom. This variety grows best when grown alone and can reach up to 12 feet tall. It also shows the internationally agreed spectrum allocations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The segments of the IARU band plan in red below cannot be used in the UK. It is a development of the physical token system for controlling traffic on single lines. Estler's Mortgage Lifter tomato is one of the most popular heirloom varieties that is perfect for home gardeners. The number 23030301 would be a functional number associated with the train number 30303 and the role of the user 01. You can, have your rail scanner professionally programmed, There are a few exceptions and oddities around the US and for a detailed breakdown visit. Cairo Subdivision - Cairo, IL to Fulton, KY A new control centre was brought into use at Banavie for the West Highland Line from Helensburgh Upper to Fort William and Mallaig, and from Crianlarich to Oban. Works on any PC or Mobile running Windows, Mac, IOS, Android and more. Railroads have their own police, which handle things like rail yard security and crime prevention. You will need to purchase an AC (wall) adapter to charge at home and a DC (car) adapter to charge in your vehicle. In addition, a description of some optional features were envisaged to also take account of national requirements. The most comprehensive and up to date UK radio scanner frequency database covering WTR, PMR, Airband, Airports, Air Control, Mil Airband / Airfields, Ham and more. The deadline for sending in seeds was October 15th, but there are still plenty of ways to get involved. With the feasibility of using radio to effect the interlocking of single line token instruments demonstrated, and the additional benefit of voice communication between the signaller and the drivers noted, it was but a short step of invention to moving the instruments from staffed signal boxes to the cabs of trains. Handheld scanners account for 90% of all scanner sales. 100% coverage across the GSM-R radio network. Due to the loss of the Band III Sub Band 2 radio frequencies used by the NRN radio system from the digital TV spectrum reallocation the need arose for a system to replace RETB on two lines in Scotland - the West Highland Line and the Far North Line. No practical reason other than that with the advent of digital communications it is largely becoming technically impossible for the amateur. Railroad scanning in the US and Canada is fairly straight forward thanks to the American Association of Railroads (AAR). The request for frequencies resulted in a recommendation from CEPT, to add 4 MHz to the overall GSM-band and to allocate it for railway use only. Data transmission is made of periodical TDMA frames (with a period of 4.615ms), for each carrier frequency (physical channel). 148 457.900 Car Dept. Web15,000km + of railway lines covered 2,500 GSM-R telecoms masts 8,574 installed cab radios 100% coverage across the GSM-R radio network 21,200 drivers and signallers trained 860 signaller terminals 2 switching centres BBRC viewer 49 MB More information GSM-R: for drivers and signallers GSM-R: future improvements Together we can end Potentially up to 60 miles with a home/vehicle antenna. Paducah District - Central City, KY to Paducah, KY for radio frequencies used on the Railways can be found on the Offcom website. Here is an article that goes into great detail regarding scanning laws in the US. Each TDMA frame is divided in 8 time slots, named logical channels (577s long, each time-slot), carrying 148 bits of information. Likewise GSM-R is a prelude to the long term goal of cab signalling, and we most definitely do not want folks to have the ability to control a train's signals with something bought out of Maplin! Points at the entrance to a crossing loop are spring-loaded for the correct track for facing movements, and are pushed across by the wheels for trailing movements; they too require no power or interlocking, other than for points heating purposes. AAR 107-196 Channels listed are an addition to the AAR band plan when narrowbanding took effect. WebThe USB frequencies 5354kHz and 5363kHz shown in the table above are within the all modes segment of the WRC-15 band. The simplest, cheapest and quickest way of restoring the links between the instruments was found to be by radio: each machine was fitted with an external controller containing a unique microprocessor code so that the effect of a dedicated link to the machine at the other end of its section was maintained. WebThe USB frequencies 5354kHz and 5363kHz shown in the table above are within the all modes segment of the WRC-15 band. Bank 8 - UHF Railroad Frequencies. All except for South Australian Department of Planning Transport and Infrastructure (Adelaide) re-licensed 2 x 5MHz of 1800MHz spectrum at commercial rates set by Australian Government.[17][18]. The new ERTMS/GSM-R project combined experiences from the trial-sites and knowledge from implementing railways within three permanent working groups: ERIG forms the assembly of railways having signed the MoU and the AoI. The fruits of this plant are large and can weigh over one pound. You've come to the right place, my friend. WebThe signal operates on a frequency of 60 kHz and carries a time and date code that can be received and decoded by a wide range of readily-available radio-controlled clocks. Three pilot-lines were planned and realised: Under this MORANE project, prototypes were developed by manufacturers, and three networks were set up and the relevant fixed and mobile terminal equipment provided. A sub-system of European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS), it is used for communication between train and railway regulation control centers. [2] The Cambrian line was due to be changed over to the new system by spring 2010 but was delayed, being commissioned on 11 March 2011. The Central Division has been abolished, with lines in Kentucky divided between the Lake and Illinois Divisions. These groups prepare the ground for a deeper analysis of specific subjects, which cannot be developed, in detail, in the permanent working groups. The Ukrainian Tribute Growout is a great opportunity for tomato lovers to get their hands on some unique and delicious varieties. Different groups make up the GSM-R market:[25][needs update], Transport NSW is installing a Digital Train Radio System (DTRS) throughout the 1,455-kilometre (904mi) electrified rail network, including 66 tunnels covering 70 kilometres (43mi), bounded by Kiama, Macarthur, Lithgow, Bondi Junction and Newcastle with GSM-R to replace the existing analogue MetroNet train radio. WebThe signal operates on a frequency of 60 kHz and carries a time and date code that can be received and decoded by a wide range of readily-available radio-controlled clocks. Close cooperation is maintained with ETSI - through ETSI Technical Committee Rail Telecommunications- and with the GSM-R Industry. For USB, set the radio to 5403.5kHz as any other frequency would result in thetransmittedspectrum being out of band. WebState rail operators acquired six mostly non-grouped parcels which cover 2 15 MHz of spectrum to deploy GSM-R. State rail operators re-licensed 2 x 10 MHz of 1800 MHz spectrum in Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney for Rail Safety and Control Communications. The line selected for the trial was another remote and lightly used Scottish line: the old Highland Railway route from Dingwall westwards to Kyle of Lochalsh. For any further information please contact: The EIRENE Functional Requirements Specification (FRS FRS Functional Requirements Specifications ) version 8.0.0 and System Requirements Specification (SRS) version 16.0.0 are released to address the complete GSM-R system requirements, containing in particular the requirements that are relevant to interoperability of the rail system within the European Community, according to the Directive 2008/57/EC. This recommendation was later enhanced into a decision, which required the national frequency authorities to free this frequency band, which was already used (mainly by military services), by 2005 at the latest. If that wasn't detailled enough for your purposes then I would be wonderng why you wanted to know. Rail scanning and all the technical terms surrounding it can be a bit overwhelming, so we gathered all of the information you need to choose the best rail scanner. %%EOF Potentially up to 60 miles with a home/vehicle antenna. Frequencies Grouped All New/Updated Show Repeater Inputs Fire National Fireground Radio Channel Plan The current UK national fireground radio channel plan was agreed with the Home Office in 1993 based on the use of analogue radios and frequency bands of 25 kHz Rev: 2.0.6844 This allows RETB to continue to operate on Band III Sub Band 1. WebThis online version of the UK Frequency Allocation Table (UKFAT) is an easy way to browse and search how spectrum bands are allocated in the United Kingdom. Therefore it was necessary to identify and add to the standard GSM the Advanced Speech Call Items (ASCI) features. USB 5298.5kHz, 5301kHz, 5304kHz, All modes. Please do not transmit out-of-band. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. WebRadio Electronic Token Block is a system of railway signalling used in the United Kingdom. The token is then transmitted to the train by radio. It also included the major statements, that early implementers would help the other railways starting an implementation, through the exchange of knowledge and experience. We use Mailchimp as our marketing platform. UIC - International union of railways. 282,914. WRC-15 band to 5366.5kHz. The MSF signal is transmitted from Anthorn Radio Station in Cumbria by Babcock International, under contract to NPL. Note: The Kanawha Subdivision (Montgomery, WV to Russell, KY) is part of the Florence Division; only 10 miles of the line is in Kentucky so it is listed here for continuity. More new frequencies can be found here at our new forum: Join Tomato Lovers & Participate in the Ukrainian Tribute Growout! Frequency License Type Tone Alpha Tag Description Mode Tag; 163.680: RM: CC 1 TG 130 SL 1: All Call TW: Traffic Warden All Call: DMRE: Public Works: 163.680: RM: CC 5 TG 127 SL 1: Barnet TW: Barnet Traffic Wardens: DMRE: Public Works: 163.680: RM: CC 2 TG 112 SL 2: Barking TW: Barking Traffic Wardens: DMRE: Public Works: Web15,000km + of railway lines covered 2,500 GSM-R telecoms masts 8,574 installed cab radios 100% coverage across the GSM-R radio network 21,200 drivers and signallers trained 860 signaller terminals 2 switching centres BBRC viewer 49 MB More information GSM-R: for drivers and signallers GSM-R: future improvements Together we can end [29], Public Transport Victoria has installed a Digital Train Radio System (DTRS) on the Melbourne train network with GSM-R to replace the old system called Urban Train Radio System (UTRS). Communications with Military Cadet Stations. Note that the segment from 5403.5 5406.5kHz is only 3kHz wide. Kevil Branch - Paducah, KY to Kevil, KY, Louisville - Winchester Line (Louisville - Winchester via Lexington) - 100+ miles. As an example in the diagram below, the narrow segment of 5378 5382kHz is only wide enough for one SSB signal which should be no higher than 5379kHz for the signal to remain within the allocation: Similarly, with digital modes on 5357kHz, any transmission greater than 1000Hz (1kHz) on the waterfall will be above 5358.0kHz and therefore out of band, see diagram below: 5. Communication with UK military cadet stations is permitted. New digital technology also means we can keep pace with industry developments such as ERTMS (European Rail Traffic Management System) and ETCS (European Train Control System). Louisville District - Talmage, KY to Louisville, KY (Illinois Division). The United Kingdom Frequency Allocation Table (UKFAT) details the uses (referred to as 'allocations') to which various frequency bands are put to the UK. WebUse any web browser to search the WTR and find local frequencies to program into your scanner. The general information about frequency allocations (along with modulation types, permitted radiated power, channel widths, etc.) [11], GSM-R occupies a 4MHz wide range of the E-GSM band (900MHz-GSM). 3,118. To develop the detailed specifications and to validate that these EIRENE Functional Specifications could be transferred into technical implementations, following an European Call for projects launched in 1995, a consortium of Railways, GSM suppliers and Laboratories teamed up for this answer and successfully get the allocation of this European Project in 1996. The system is slightly similar to North American Direct Traffic Control, which unlike RETB does not have a cab display unit. You are using an out of date browser. This section provides information on the system and its implementation, including the latest versions of the EIRENE specifications and the full range of specifications. EIRENE also defines non-mandatory specifications, that are called "Interim version", which defines extra features that are likely to become mandatory in the next TSIs. Roaming agreements with other Italian mobile operators allow coverage of lines not directly served by GSM-R. Roaming agreements have also been set up with French and Swiss railway companies and it is planned to extend them to other countries.[32]. There are a few exceptions and oddities around the US and for a detailed breakdown visit RadioReference. 151 It is a low acid tomato with a unique flavor that has been described as sweet, yet slightly tangy. The segments of the IARU band plan in red below cannot be used in the UK. First, make sure your seeds are dry before sending them in. for radio frequencies used on the Railways can be found on the Offcom website. It's a simplex. Hear passing trains communication with one another, as the name would suggest. [20], The GSM-R standard specification is divided in two EIRENE specifications:[21], EIRENE defines the "Technical Specification for Interoperability" (TSI) as the set of mandatory specifications to be fulfilled to keep compatibility with other European networks; current TSI are FRS 7 and SRS 15. Handheld scanners are portable and can be carried around like a walkie-talkie. The system was also used on two other British rural lines: the East Suffolk Line, where the control centre was at Saxmundham, and the Cambrian Line from Shrewsbury to Aberystwyth and Pwllheli, where the control centre was at Machynlleth. The most comprehensive and up to date UK radio scanner frequency database covering WTR, PMR, Airband, Airports, Air Control, Mil Airband / Airfields, Ham and more. for radio frequencies used on the Railways can be found on the Offcom website. Europe includes the CEPT member states, which include all EU members and Albania, Andorra, Azerbaijan, Bosnia Herzegovina, Georgia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, North Macedonia, Moldavia, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and Vatican City. It is the latest and greatest analog scanner. Frequencies Grouped All New/Updated Show Repeater Inputs Fire National Fireground Radio Channel Plan The current UK national fireground radio channel plan was agreed with the Home Office in 1993 based on the use of analogue radios and frequency bands of 25 kHz Rev: 2.0.6844 The main task of this expert group is to maintain the FRS and to check incoming implementation reports concerning impact to functional requirements. The points indicator is in the form of a yellow light, lit only while the points are electrically detected in the required position. WebCurrent Database Statistics. As of to-day, the number of signatories has increased to 37, including railways outside of Europe. Yes. For information about our privacy practices, please visit our website. The distance between the base stations is 715km (4.39.3mi). If that wasn't detailled enough for your purposes then I would be wonderng why you wanted to know. Potentially up to 60 miles with a home/vehicle antenna. Web1.1 The Radio Equipment Regulations 2017 (SI 2017/1206) set out the obligations on economic operators for placing radio equipment on the market. Please do not transmit USB on 5330.5kHz, 5357kHz, or 5360kHz. Home or "base" scanners are typically used in one location. A handful of states have restrictions regarding using a scanner in your vehicle, so here is a detailed explanation of scanner laws in the US. It is a development of the physical token system for controlling traffic on single lines. Although previously members of the CEPT, Belarus and Russia had their memberships suspended, indefinitely, with effect from 00:00 (CET), 18 March 2022. 148 457.900 Car Dept. Fulton Subdivision - Fulton KY to Memphis, TN, http://wiki.radioreference.com/index.php/CSX_Transportation#Louisville_Division. 28,480. GSM-R is typically implemented using dedicated base station masts close to the railway, with tunnel coverage effected using directional antennae or 'leaky' feeder transmission. Second District CNO&TP - Danville, KY to Oakdale, TN(Lake Division) That involved the description of mandatory requirements for operational communication services, in and between networks of neighbouring railways, with the goal to allow, in the future, uninterrupted train-services, when crossing borders.

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